Electric motors are rotating electrical machines that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Due to its many advantages, which include its economy, cleanliness, comfort and reliability, the electric motor has largely replaced other sources of energy both in industry and in transport, mining, trade or home.
Electric motors meet a wide range of service needs, from start, accelerate, move, or slow up and stop holding a charge.These engines are available in powers ranging from a small fraction to several thousand horse, and a wide variety of speeds, which can be fixed, adjustable or variable.
An electric motor has a much smaller number of mechanical parts that an internal combustion engine or a steam engine, making it less prone to failures. Electric motors are the most agile of all in regard to power variation and can go instantly from the rest position to the operating to the fullest. Its size is smaller and can develop systems to drive the wheels from a single motor, as in automobiles.
The downside is that batteries are the only electricity storage systems, and bulky. Also, when spent, takes hours to recharge before you can run again, while in the case of an internal combustion engine enough to just fill the fuel tank. This problem is solved, the railroad, holding a wire above the track, which is connected to plants generating electricity. The engine gets the power cable through a metal part called skate. Thus, electricity storage systems are not needed.
- When it is not possible or not profitable to build power line to find a solution to energy storage systems are used in combinations, include the use of an internal combustion engine or a steam engine connected to a electric generator.This generator provides power to electric motors located in the wheels. These systems, because of its ease of control, are widely used not only locomotives, but also in boats.
The use of electric motors has spread to all fields of human activity since replaced in most applications to steam engines.There are more electric motors of different sizes, from small fractional motors used in small devices to powerful systems that generate thousands of horsepower, such as large electric locomotives
As for the types of electric motors are distinguished generically single phase motors, which contain a single set of coils in the stator, and phasic pol who maintain two, three or more sets of coils arranged in a circle.
Depending on the nature of the power transformer, electric motors are classified as DC motors, also called direct AC motors, which, in turn, are grouped according to their operating system, induction motors, motors synchronous motors and the collector. Both groups have all the elements common to electromagnetic rotating machines
DC motors
The conversion of energy into an electric motor is due to the interaction between an electric current and a magnetic field. A magnetic field formed between the two opposite poles of a magnet, is a region where a force is exerted on certain metals or other fields magnético5 An electric motor uses this type of force to rotate a shaft, thus transforming the energy electricity into mechanical motion.
The two basic components of any electric motor are the rotor and stator. The rotor is a rotating part, a mobile magnet, with several lateral projections, which each carry around a winding through which electrical current passes. The stator is located around the rotor, an electromagnet is fixed, covered with an insulator. As the rotor has a series of projections with windings through which current flows.
When you enter a loop of copper wire in a magnetic field and connected to a battery, current flows in one direction by one side and the wrong way on the opposite side. Thus, on both sides of the coil a force is exerted on one of them up and the other down. Yes the coil of wire mounted on the metal shaft begins to spin up to the vertical position. So, in this position, each wire is located midway between the two poles, and the loop is retained.
To make the loop continue to turn after reaching the vertical position, it is necessary to reverse the flow of a stream. To achieve this, uses a switch or collector, in the simplest electric motor, the DC motor, consists of two sheets of metal shaped like a crescent, which come without touching, as the two halves of a ring and are called thin. The two ends of the loop are connected as two crescents. Two fixed connections, coupled with the motor frame and calls brushes make contact with each of the commutator segments, so that, turning the armature, the brushes make contact first with a thin and then the other.
When electric current passes through the circuit, the armature begins to rotate and to rotation lasts until the loop reaches the vertical position. Turning the commutator segments in the loop every half turn reverses the direction of flow of electrical current. This means that the part of the loop until then received the upward force, now get down, and the other party to the contrary. Thus the spiral makes another turn and the process is repeated while rotating the armature.
The scheme described corresponds to a DC motor, the simplest in electric motors, but that brings you the fundamental principles of this engine.
AC motors
The AC motors have a similar structure, with small variations in the manufacture of coils and you switch rotor. Depending on your operating system, classified in induction motors, synchronous motors and engines collector.
Induction motors
The induction motor does not need brushes or collector. His armor is of magnetizable metal plates. The alternating directions of movement, the current in the stator windings generates a rotating magnetic field that drags the magnetizable metal plates, and spins. The induction motor is the motor of alternating current most widely used because of its strength and simplicity of construction, good performance and low cost as well as the absence of collector and the fact that their performance characteristics are well suited to a march constant speed.
Synchronous motors
Synchronous motors operate at a fixed synchronous speed proportional to the frequency of the alternating current applied.Its construction is similar to alternator When a synchronous motor operates at constant power and over-excited, the current absorbed by the paper has with respect to the applied voltage phase angle increases with advancing field current This property is Fa has maintained the use of synchronous motor in industry, despite the induction motor to be simpler, more economical and comfortable starting as a motor sincrónic0 can compensate low power factor in the installation by providing that the reactive current, just as a capacitor connected to the network.
Commutator motor
The problem of speed control in AC motors and power factor improvement have been adequately resolved with AC motors collector. Depending on the number of phases of alternating currents that are designed for collector engines are classified as single and polyphase, the former being the most frequently used single-phase collector motors used are the series motors and repulsion motors
Electric motors meet a wide range of service needs, from start, accelerate, move, or slow up and stop holding a charge.These engines are available in powers ranging from a small fraction to several thousand horse, and a wide variety of speeds, which can be fixed, adjustable or variable.
An electric motor has a much smaller number of mechanical parts that an internal combustion engine or a steam engine, making it less prone to failures. Electric motors are the most agile of all in regard to power variation and can go instantly from the rest position to the operating to the fullest. Its size is smaller and can develop systems to drive the wheels from a single motor, as in automobiles.
The downside is that batteries are the only electricity storage systems, and bulky. Also, when spent, takes hours to recharge before you can run again, while in the case of an internal combustion engine enough to just fill the fuel tank. This problem is solved, the railroad, holding a wire above the track, which is connected to plants generating electricity. The engine gets the power cable through a metal part called skate. Thus, electricity storage systems are not needed.
- When it is not possible or not profitable to build power line to find a solution to energy storage systems are used in combinations, include the use of an internal combustion engine or a steam engine connected to a electric generator.This generator provides power to electric motors located in the wheels. These systems, because of its ease of control, are widely used not only locomotives, but also in boats.
The use of electric motors has spread to all fields of human activity since replaced in most applications to steam engines.There are more electric motors of different sizes, from small fractional motors used in small devices to powerful systems that generate thousands of horsepower, such as large electric locomotives
As for the types of electric motors are distinguished generically single phase motors, which contain a single set of coils in the stator, and phasic pol who maintain two, three or more sets of coils arranged in a circle.
Depending on the nature of the power transformer, electric motors are classified as DC motors, also called direct AC motors, which, in turn, are grouped according to their operating system, induction motors, motors synchronous motors and the collector. Both groups have all the elements common to electromagnetic rotating machines
DC motors
The conversion of energy into an electric motor is due to the interaction between an electric current and a magnetic field. A magnetic field formed between the two opposite poles of a magnet, is a region where a force is exerted on certain metals or other fields magnético5 An electric motor uses this type of force to rotate a shaft, thus transforming the energy electricity into mechanical motion.
The two basic components of any electric motor are the rotor and stator. The rotor is a rotating part, a mobile magnet, with several lateral projections, which each carry around a winding through which electrical current passes. The stator is located around the rotor, an electromagnet is fixed, covered with an insulator. As the rotor has a series of projections with windings through which current flows.
When you enter a loop of copper wire in a magnetic field and connected to a battery, current flows in one direction by one side and the wrong way on the opposite side. Thus, on both sides of the coil a force is exerted on one of them up and the other down. Yes the coil of wire mounted on the metal shaft begins to spin up to the vertical position. So, in this position, each wire is located midway between the two poles, and the loop is retained.
To make the loop continue to turn after reaching the vertical position, it is necessary to reverse the flow of a stream. To achieve this, uses a switch or collector, in the simplest electric motor, the DC motor, consists of two sheets of metal shaped like a crescent, which come without touching, as the two halves of a ring and are called thin. The two ends of the loop are connected as two crescents. Two fixed connections, coupled with the motor frame and calls brushes make contact with each of the commutator segments, so that, turning the armature, the brushes make contact first with a thin and then the other.
When electric current passes through the circuit, the armature begins to rotate and to rotation lasts until the loop reaches the vertical position. Turning the commutator segments in the loop every half turn reverses the direction of flow of electrical current. This means that the part of the loop until then received the upward force, now get down, and the other party to the contrary. Thus the spiral makes another turn and the process is repeated while rotating the armature.
The scheme described corresponds to a DC motor, the simplest in electric motors, but that brings you the fundamental principles of this engine.
AC motors
The AC motors have a similar structure, with small variations in the manufacture of coils and you switch rotor. Depending on your operating system, classified in induction motors, synchronous motors and engines collector.
Induction motors
The induction motor does not need brushes or collector. His armor is of magnetizable metal plates. The alternating directions of movement, the current in the stator windings generates a rotating magnetic field that drags the magnetizable metal plates, and spins. The induction motor is the motor of alternating current most widely used because of its strength and simplicity of construction, good performance and low cost as well as the absence of collector and the fact that their performance characteristics are well suited to a march constant speed.
Synchronous motors
Synchronous motors operate at a fixed synchronous speed proportional to the frequency of the alternating current applied.Its construction is similar to alternator When a synchronous motor operates at constant power and over-excited, the current absorbed by the paper has with respect to the applied voltage phase angle increases with advancing field current This property is Fa has maintained the use of synchronous motor in industry, despite the induction motor to be simpler, more economical and comfortable starting as a motor sincrónic0 can compensate low power factor in the installation by providing that the reactive current, just as a capacitor connected to the network.
Commutator motor
The problem of speed control in AC motors and power factor improvement have been adequately resolved with AC motors collector. Depending on the number of phases of alternating currents that are designed for collector engines are classified as single and polyphase, the former being the most frequently used single-phase collector motors used are the series motors and repulsion motors
